WEEK #16(November 27- December 1)
Monday: We discussed the great Empire of the Ottomans HERE 
Tuesday:  The black plague was the focus of this assignment Here and Here
Wednesday. This lecture was spent recapping the medieval church structure HERE
Thursday: Our time was spent discussing Martin Luther reading through some original documents HERE and HERE
Friday: 



WEEK 16 NOTES 
The Ottomans

• By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern Asia) took over the lands of the Muslim empire
• Islam’s power in the Middle East started to decline
• A new empire arose out of the leftovers of the old sultanates (kingdoms) of Anatolia (turkey)
• 1299 A.D. - one of these sultans (Osman) began to expand his kingdom
• Osman started the Ottoman Empire, named after him
• Origins of the ottoman empire
  • It was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history
  • It was an empire supported and inspired by islam
  • It replaced the Byzantine Empire (former Roman Empire) as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean
• Religion
  • Founded on the principles of Islam
  • United by Islamic beliefs
  • Churches were converted into mosques
  • Tolerant of other religions, especially Christians and Jews
    • Tolerant - must pay additional taxes
      • Which included children who they were allowed to kidnap to convert
  • Encouraged loyalty from other religious faith groups
• The Janissaries
  • Group of soldiers loyal to the sultan (king)
  • Army of slaves and Christian converts to Islam
    • Mostly taken as children (boys)

• • Helped to expand the empire
  • Became so powerful that the sultans feared them
  • Became the power behind the throne
• Origins continued…
  • 1352 A.D. sultans able to cross over into Europe
  • 1432 A.D. - Ottoman soldiers known as Janissaries conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) from the Byzantine empire, thus ending the Roman Empire
  • 1517 A.D. Ottomans had control of Egypt and extended control to most of North African coast
  • 1520-1566 - peak of power during rule of Suleiman (“the Magnificent”)
• The Beginning
  • Christian Crusaders fighting since 1095 to stop the spread of Islam
  • 1299 independence declared - Osman Gazi
  • Gazi reigned until 1326
  • Land amassed through diplomacy and warfare
• Why the middle east
  • Rich fertile soil
    • Mountainous regions provide shelter and security
    • Sea coasts offer rich fishing
    • Trade routes between Asia and Europe
  • Impact of trade routes
    • Area rich in Spices - able to trade with both Europe and Asia as a form of income
    • Silk trade from Asia to Europe brought paper and gunpowder
    • More than products exchanged - scientific, religious and artistic ideas also
• The rise of the ottoman empire
  • Land acquired through both diplomacy and war
  • Sultans often married off their children to the children of the kings and queens of neighboring countries to create allegiances
  • Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent succeeds his father (1529)
• Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent
  • In power from 1520-1566
  • Brilliant military strategist
  • Loved the arts (architecture and poetry)
  • Mad Istanbul the Islamic Cultural center
  • Greatest ottoman leader of all time
  • Brought justice and harmony by publishing a code of laws called legislator
  • Feared and respected by Europeans
  • Turned Constantinople into a great center of art, music, writing, and philosophy
  • Wrote some of the most beautiful …
• The height of the ottoman empire
  • Rich in trade routes
  • 1526 - Suleiman granted “capitulations” to the French
    • No taxation of France when trading with the ottoman empire ( later other European Countries offered Capitulations)
    • …
• Expansion
  • Suleiman believed that the entire world was gift possession as a gift of God
  • Vast amounts of Islamic territories were annexed or invaded
  • Very strong military
  • Expert in developing gunpowder as a military tool

• The church’s power grows
  • As Europe experienced a lack of a strong, central government, the feudal system provided some political stability
  • The catholic Church also provide stability during the Middle Ages
  • The Church appealed to people of all social classes
  • Church structure
• Roman Empire structure vs Church structure

Church structure
Roman empire structure

• Clergy: religious officials
• The pope was the head of the Catholic church
• All clergy were under the authority of the pope
• Bishops supervised local parish priests
• Local priests had the greatest influence on most Europeans because they had the most contact with the people
• Canon = church law
• Religious

• Roman empire
• Not the republic
• The emperor was the head of the roman empire
• Everyone was under his authority
• Regional governors ran the provinces
• Generals and centurions controlled the military
• Imperial law = everyone had to obey roman law or pay the price
• Secular = non-religious

• The church helps unify europe

• The church helps unify europe

• • The church was a stable force that helped unify europe
  • The church provided a sense of security and a community
  • Religion played a central role in europe and the lives of most europeans
  • Christians believed that God would reward them with salvation (heaven)
  • Christians believed that they needed to participate in the sacraments to achieve salvation
  • The church also brought communities together
  • People worshipped together, especially on religious holidays
• The seven sacraments
  • Priests and other religious officials administered the sacraments
  • 1. Baptism
    • No baptism - no heaven (or hell)
  • 2. Reconciliation / Penance / Confession
  • 3. Eucharist
  • 4. Confirmation
    • Coming of age and choosing to confirm faith
  • 5. Marriage
  • 6. Holy orders
  • 7. Last rights / anointing of the sick
• Church justice
  • The church provided a unifying set of spiritual beliefs, ceremonies, rituals
  • Canon law is the official law of the Catholic Church
  • Excommunication: banishment from the Church (no sacraments = no heaven)
  • Interdict: many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in a kingdom or region (excommunication on a large scale for a entire area!!!) why?
• The catholic church
  • As the power of the Church grew, the Church began to play a political role in Europe
  • This led to conflicts between the Church and the leaders of Europe
• Otto I
  • Otto I was influenced by Charlemagne
  • He allied himself with the Church and used the clergy to help limit the power of the nobles
  • Otto invaded Italy and helped end a threat to the pope
  • In return, the pope crowned otto emperor
• Holy roman empire
  • Otto created a German Italian empire that would eventually be called the Holy Roman empire
  • It wa the strongest state in Europe until 1100
• Lay Investiture
  • Lay investiture was the practice of kings and nobles appointing bishops
  • In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned the practice of lay investiture
  • Henry IV sent a nasty letter to Pope Gregory VII
  • Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry IV
  • Henry IV begged for forgiveness
  • The pope lifted the excommunication
• The Concordat of Worms
  • In 1122, the Church and the Holy Roman emperor reached a compromise over the issue of lay investiture
  • The church gave bishops their spiritual authority (ring and staff)
  • The emperor chose the location where the bishop would serve
  • The emperor also had veto power

​The Protestant Reformation
The Division of the Church into Catholic and Protestant Denominations

• Background - spain
  • 1492 - Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unite Spain
    • After uniting Spain, they drive out the Moors, a Muslim people from North Africa who had ruled much of what is now Spain
  • The Spanish Inquisition
    • Spain begins to torture people who are non-Christian and non-Catholic in attempts to get people to convert
    • Tortured, killed, and expelled the Muslims (the Moors), Jews (150k 10 200k), and Non- catholic Christians (like Anabaptist) from Spain
• Background - Desiderius Erasmus
  • Christian Humanism - “the philosophy of Christ” that Christianity should show people how to live good lives rather than a system of beliefs that people should practice to be saved
  • The Praise of Folly (1509) humorously criticized aspects of society that Erasmus felt needed to be reformed
  • He singled out monks for special treatment
• Background - Corruption in the Catholic Church
  • Between 1450-1520, a series of popes, “The Renaissance Popes,” became more involved in politics that spiritual matters
    • Julius II (warrior Pope)
    • Sixtus IV (Nepotism)
    • Alexander VI
  • Church officials used their offices to advance their careers and wealth, and many local priests seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties, especially instructing the faithful on achieving salvation (forgiveness of sins)
• Background: Indulgences
  • The Sale of Indulgences - Church officials would sale certificates which granted “indulgence”, a release from punishment for sin
  • The sale of indulgences angered many people and led to a movement called the “Modern Devotion”
  • The modern Devotion downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus
  • (Reaction to a too ordered world)
• 1517 - Martin Luther
  • Luther posted 95 Theses on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany opposing the sale of indulgences. This action started the Protestant Reformation
  • When the church would not change its actions, Luther called for some German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and start a German reformed church
  • Luther was excommunicated and charged with heresy
  • The Diet of Worms - the trial of Martin Luther
  • The edict of Worms - Luther was declared an outlaw by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
• “Unless I am convinced by proofs from Scriptures or by plain and clear reasons and arguments, I can and will not retract, for it is neither safe nor wise to do anything against conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen!” - Martin Luther (1483 - 1546)
• Main Doctrines of Martin Luther

1. Justification by Faith

• A person is saved through faith alone

1. The bible is the only source of religious truth

• Protestants stress the need of people to read the bible

1. Priesthood of the Believer

• • People can have a relationship with God and do not need a priest
• The Rise of Lutheranism
  • Many German rulers within the many states that made up the Holy Roman Empire seized control of Catholic Church property in their territories and set up state churches
  • The mass was replaced by Bible readings, preaching, prayer services, and songe
  • Luther kept only 2 of the 7 sacraments - baptism and Eucharist (communion)
• Politics in the Rise of Lutheranism
  • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also Charles I of Spain) wanted to keep all of his territory Catholic, but he faced other problems
    • He had 20 year war with Francis I of France over disputed territory in the west
    • The pope, Clement VII sided with France
    • He was attacked by the Ottoman Turks in the east
  • When charles V did try to fight the Protestants (followers of Luther), the princes were too powerful to defeat
  • 1555 - the peace of Augsburg
    • German states could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
    • Lutheran states were to have the same rights as Catholic states
  • This was NOT religious freedom -- states, not individuals, were allowed to choose a religion
• John Calvin
  • John Calvin was the most important reformer in France
    • Calvin was forced to flee from France to Switzerland when he converted to Protestantism
    • Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
  • Main Doctrine - predestination
    • God is all-powerful and has determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would not (the reprobate)
  • The consistory - a council charged with tasks of governing a religious organization
• King Henry VIII of england
  • Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon, but wanted a divorce when she had a daughter, Mary, but no son
  • Asked the Pope to annul the marriage, but the Pope refused
  • Broke from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England with himself at the head (Act of Supremacy of 1534) so he could get a divorce
  • 6 wives

1. Catherine of Aragon Divorced
2. Anne Boleyn Beheaded
3. Jane Seymour Died
4. Anne of Cleves Divorced
5. Catherine Howard beheaded
6. Katherine Parr Survived

• The reformation in England under Henry VIII
  • Although Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church, under his leadership the Church of England remained close to Catholic teaching
  • Henry sold much of the church’s land to wealthy landowners gaining wealth

………

• The reformation in England under Edward VI and Mary
  • When Henry died in 1547, he was succeeded by his nine year old son from his third wife, Edward VI
  • During Edward’s reign, the Church of England (Anglican Church) became more protestant
• Queen mary
  • When Edward died in 1533, mary, Henry’s daughter by Catherine of Aragon, wanted to return England to being Catholic
  • “Bloody Mary” burned protestants as heretics, yet the people rebelled against this persecution and it made england even more protestant
• Elizabeth I
  • On mary’s death in 1558, the throne passed to her half-sister, Elizabeth I
  • She made reforms that became known as the “Elizabethan Settlement”
    • A compromise between Protestant and Catholic practices
  • Elizabeth restored unity to England; she kept many Catholic traditions, but made