Week 13

WEEK #13 (November 6th-10th)
Monday: We read through some primary source information about the Crusades HERE
Tuesday: We designed and built Kahoot and Quizlet quizzes in class, about the Crusades
Wednesday. We took each other's Quizzes during class
Thursday: We continued our presentation from monday by recapping the Crusades HERE
Friday: We introduced our Project #3 described below began our section on the Vikings HERE

Week #13 Homework:
Due November 17th
A DARK AGE THANKSGIVING
Your job will be to identify a food from one of the dark age
civilizations we have discussed (Japan, Western Europe, North
African, Scandinavian, Middle Eastern) You will then need to
research a history of that food.
As a result of your research you will need to print out a recipe
and a one page report on where that food comes from, what
the ingredients are, where those ingredient originated and why
it is an important part of history

Week 13 Notes
The First Crusades

Pope Urban II
- In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I contacted Pope Urban II about the threat of Turkish armies against Constantinople and the Fatimid Muslim’s control of Jerusalem
  - Lost everything, in danger, turns toward the Catholics
- In November 1096, Pope Urban II considered Alexios’ plea at the Council of Claremont, and called for a crusade against the Muslims Turks
Crusaders
- Ten of thousands of peasants, nobles and clergy responded to Urban II’s call
  - They took up the cross - which meant they couldn’t be imprisoned, didn’t have to pay debt, etc.
  - King richard the Lion Hearted - most powerful of the Planttangante
  - Led by Emperor Frederick the 1st
- In the spring and summer of 1096, armies of Crusaders departed from Western Europe for Constantinople
Shi’ite Fatamids
- Prior to the crusades, there was infighting between Sunni Seljuk Turks, who had conquered a lot of land and the Shi’ite Fatamid Caliphate
  - Sunni added a 5th pillar of muslim
- Just before the First Crusade, the Fatamids captured Jerusalem from the Seljuk Turks
- Knowing the Crusaders were coming, the Fatamids expelled all Christians from Jerusalem
Capture of Jerusalem
- Between 1096 and 1099, Crusader armies made their way to Jerusalem, engaging in several major battles with Turkish forces
- On July 17, 1099, Crusaders took the city of Jerusalem, after a long and costly siege. Some historians estimate the number of casualties at 100,000
Perspectives
- Christians believed they were fighting the Crusades in the name of Jesus to take back the place of his birth from infidels
- Muslims believed they were defending land that was theirs. From their perspective, christians were brutal invaders
  
  Nov 9th
- What were the crusades
  - A crusade was a “holy war” between European Christians and the Muslim Turks
- What were they fighting over
  - Three major religious groups all claimed Jerusalem in the land of Palestine as their holy city
    - ristians: the place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven
    - Muslims: the place where Mohammed ascended to heaven
    - Jews: the site of the ancient temple built by Solomon
- Jerusalem from 600 - 1093 CE
  - In 600 CE, Arabs entered the city and took control
  - The Arabs allowed Christian and Jewish pilgrims to visit Jerusalem. In fact, Jews and Christians could live in Palestine as long as they paid their taxes like everyone else.
- But…
  - The problem: around 1095, a new group of Arabs took control of Jerusalem. They closed the city to Jewish and Christian pilgrims
  - And…
    - Began trying to invade the Byzantine empire
- The invaders
  - In 1093, Byzantine Emperor named Alexius Comnenus ask for help against invaders
  - The invaders: the Muslim Turks aka Ottoman Turks
    - The muslim Turks were trying to take over the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
- Pope Urban II responds
  - Pope Urban II read the letter asking for help and called for a “holy war” or crusade
  - He said those who fought and died in the Crusades would be promised a spot in Heaven with all sins forgiven
  - And about 30,000 men took up his offer and left western Europe to fight in Jerusalem
- Why did they fight
  - There were economic and religious motives for the Crusades
    - Kings and the Church: a way to get rid of knights who always fought each other and threatened the peace of the kingdom
    - Younger sons: a way to gain land and position in society since the oldest son gets everything
  - Knights - a chance to use fighting skills, something they enjoyed and did well. They were delighted to have such a worthy battle to fight
  - For peasants, this was a chance to escape from their dreary life in the feudal system. The pope promised that if they died while fighting a holy crusade, they would automatically be welcomed into heaven
  - For others, it was a chance to have an adventure, and perhaps even to get rich
- The goal
  - The goal of these Christian soldiers were to recover
    - Jerusalem
    - The Holy Land
  - They wanted it back from the Muslim Turks
- The symbol
  - The red cross: each crusader had a huge red cross, made out of fabric, stitched onto their shirts or armor. It made all crusaders, irrespective of rank or background, appear to be a unified army. It reminded the crusaders that they were fighting a holy cause. The red cross was added to flags and banners
- First Crusade 1093-1095
  - Unprepared troops
    - No strategy
    - Never fought in heat
  - Captured Jerusalem
  - Carbed in up into 4 Crusader states
- Second crusade 1147-1095
  - Muslim leader Saladin takes control of Jerusalem
  - Muslim Turks re-conquer the city
  - Saladin is described to be honest and brave
- Third crusade
  - Richard the Lion Hearted = English King and two other leaders fail to recapture Jerusalem
  - He and Saladin respected each other
- Fourth Crusade 1202-1204
  - Crusaders attack Constantinople instead
  - Stole statues, money, paintings, and jewelry
  - Burned libraries and destroyed churches
  - Said they needed money to defend Constantinople from the same fate as Jerusalem and to rescue Jerusalem from Muslims
  - People of Constantinople hated the west for sacking their city
- Children’s Crusade
  - Thousands of French and German children try to reach Jerusalem
  - Believed God would help them because they were children
  - Many died of hunger, some froze to death
  - When they reached the Mediterranean sea, expected they waters to part for them… they didn’t
    - Forced to return home
- In the end
  - The Christians are finally pushed out of Jerusalem
  - Muslim Ottoman Turks are the victors and take over the Byzantium in 1453
- Effects of the Crusades
  - Cons
    - Weakened the Byzantine Empire, the Pope and nobles
    - Kings become stronger
    - Leaves a legacy of bitterness between the Christians, Jews and the Muslims
  - Pros
    - Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East
      - Goods such as spices, cotton, linen, dates, coral, pearls, porcelain, silk, and metal
    - Europe leans much from the muslims
      - Science and astronomy, “Arabic” numerals, paper production
    - Serfs had used the Crusades to leave their lands and found new opportunities
    - Nov 10th
    - Norse Mythology: The Creation Story
      - Believed orginal world was made of two worlds
        Ice + mist - Niflheim
        Fire + heat - Muspelheim
      - Ymir and other giants
        The frost giant
        Sprang up when the fire’s heat melted the ice
      - Audumla
        A cow that sprang from the frost
        Licked ice and formed a man - Buri
        Buri’s descendants would be the chief of gods and men
        Grandsons - Odin, Vili, Ve
    - - The creation of things...
        Odin, Vili, and Ve killed all the giants, forming Midgard out of Ymir’s body
        The stars formed from the sparks of Muspellsheim
        Odin and brothers found 2 trees on the beach - man and woman
        Ask (adam) and Elma (eve)
      - Nor - a giant
        Had a daughter - Nott - goddess of the night
        Had a grandson - Dag - god of the day
        Giants called him Jotunheim
      - Bifrost
        The bridge connecting heaven and earth
        At the end sat a guard against dwarfs - Heimdall
      - Yggdrasil
        A giant tree that stood in the middle of the world
        The gods assembled at its base
        It has 3 roots
        One to the underworld - Niflheim
        One to the earth - Guarded by Norns
        3 sisters who controlled the fate of past, present, and future
    - The gods
      - Odin
        Lived in Valhalla - a special place in Asgard
        Wife named Frigga
        Made all the plants on the earth
        Did not eat food but drank mead
        Also known as Wodan - Wednesday
        A sons, Thor and Balder
        Traded an eye for a drink of the magic mead of Mimir
        Met Thiazi, a giant
        Went by the name Vegtam
    - Thor
      - the thunderer and god of war (thursday)
      - Possessed 3 great treasures 1. Hammer 2. Belt of strength 3. Iron gloves
    - - Balder
        god of sunlight, spring, and gladness
        Said to be the best of the gods
        Died after Loki convinced the blind god Hoder to throw mistletoe at him
      - Frey
        Governed the rain and sunshine and made all things of earth grow
        Sister - Freya
      - Freya
        Goddess of love and music and flowers
        Friday is named after her
      - Tyr
        Most courageous of the gods
        Tuesday is named after him
        Lost his hand while binding the Fenrir Wolf
      - Loki
        The god of evil
        Father of the wolf Fenrir, the Midgard Serpent, and the goddess Hel and Death
    - Who were the Vikings
      - Scandinavian warriors
      - Settled in Iceland - 860
      - Colonized Greenland - 960
      - Swedish Vikings reached N. America by end of 1st millennium
      - “Viking” = new age in Europe
        700-1150 AD
        Time of reading and trade
        “Raid and Trade!”
    - The Vikings and how we know about them
      - A lot of what we know was written down by churchmen
        Monastic chronicles: Anglo-Saxon, Frankish, and Irish Annals → Attacked monasteries for wealth
      - Sagas - Norse word meaning tales
        Most of what we know
        About 40 of them include accounts of events in Iceland and voyages across the North Atlantic from Norway, Greenland and Vinland
        Also have records of family history
    - The Vikings and their goals
      - Limited sources of food --- farming lands were needed
      - Raids and looting
      - Did not want to spread their beliefs, rather wanted to gain new resources of new connections - political and economical advantages
      - Targeted the church and monasteries
    - Ships and Navigation of the Vikings
      - Many Vikings were buried with their goods - boats
      - Long boats
        Swift wooden ships with sails and oars
        Shallowness allowed them to move close inland
        Usually carried 25 - 60 men
      - Sea battles were rare
    - Battles and tactics of the Vikings
      - Little formation or discipline was shown while fighting
    - - Weapons training began at youth in hunting, sports, and raiding
      - Chiefs were well protected by a bodyguard
      - Captured and enslaved or killed enemies
      - Berserker warriors
        Fought in groups
        Believed that Odin gave them protection and superhuman powers
        No need for armor
        Said that they could ignore the pain of wounds
      - Formed wedge - 20 to 30 men
      - Fought on foot
      - Largest armies - 4,000 to 7,000 men
      - After war vikings would return to lives as farmers, merchants, craftsmen, or join other warbands
    - Offensive Weapons of the Vikings
      - Main weapons were spears, swords, and battle-axes
      - Carried into battle and as a symbol of their owners’ class and wealth
      - Swords were a sign of high status because they were hard to make
    - Defensive Weapons of the Vikings
      - Used circular shields up to one meter across until 1000 CE when the kite shape was used - to protect the legs
      - Essential to wear thick padding under armor to absorb force of blows or arrows
        Reindeer hide was used as armor
      - Used long tunics of mail reaching below the waist - not very protective
      - Helmets were worn
    - Islamic conquests and the Carolingian Empire
      - First viking raids were hit-and-run affairs
        No coordination or long term plan behind them
      - Raided the British Isles and the Western portions of the Carolingian Empire in France
      - Conquered much of Northern England established a kingdom in Ireland
      - In 911 CE, Charles II of France gave Normandy to the Viking leader, Rollos
    - Other acquired territory by the Vikings
      - They reached Iceland and it had become a settlement for Norwegians and Danes
      - 982 Erik the Red founded Greenland
    - …..
    - What Happened to the Vikings
      - Became citizens of many places in Europe
      - Many had become Christians back in their homelands, this lead to the downfall of the Norse religion and culture
    - Kings instituted taxes and the economy changed so that you could get along better off as a trader than a raider
    - The vikings invasion caused european kingdoms to be more centralized and focused
    - European kingdoms learned how to protect themselves and gain by trading and negotiating with the vikings instead of battling them
    - Who were the Vikings?
      - The Vikings, or Norse, were a phenomenal race of Scandinavian warriors who raided Northern Europe, Eastern Asia, and eastern North America. The exploits of the Norwegian Vikings lead them west to settle into Iceland in 860 and later to colonize Greenland about a hundred years later. The Swedish Vikings set out across the Baltic Sea into Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia. By the end of the first millennium the Vikings reached North America five hundred years before Columbus
      - The word “viking” describes a whole new age in Europe between about the mid 700 to 1150 AD. this was a period of reading as well as creating fair trade networks of settlements by Scandinavians.
      - “Raid and Trade!”
    - Norse Mythology: Creation Story
      - The Norse believed that originally the world was made up of a region of ice and mist called Niflheim and another of fire and tremendous heat called Muspelheim
      - In the course of time the warmer air from one melted the ice of the other. Out of this sprang the giant Ymir and a whole race of other giants
      - From the frost sprang a cow called Audumla. By licking the ice, the cow formed a man called Buri whose descendant would be the chief of gods and men. Buri’s grandsons were Odin, Vili, and Ve.
      - These three gods slew the giants and from Ymir’s body they formed the earth named Midgard. And the mountains, sea, etc.
      - The stars in the sky were formed from the sparks erupting from Muspellsheim
      - Around the earth was a land reserved for among the giants was one named nor who had a daughter named Nott, the goddess of the night
      - Nor also had a grandson named Dag, god of the day the giants called Jotunheim
      - Between heaven and earth stretched a bridge to connect the two which was called Bifrost.
      - At the end of the bridge sat a guard named Heimdall who guarded against the entrance of dwarfs - wise, cunning and evil little creatures
      - In contrast to these evil creature were the elves who were beautiful and good to gods and men
      - In the middle of the world stood a gigantic tree called Yggdrasil at the base of which the gods assembled the tree had three roots…
        On of which went toward Niflheim, the Underworld
      - The root which extend to earth was guarded by Norns, three sisters who controlled the fate of the Past, Present, and Future.
      - Once Odin and his two brother were walking along a beach and saw two trees on the ground. From these they created man and woman. They named them Ask (Adam) and Elma (Eve)
      - Odin and the other gods lived Asgard where Odin had a special place named Valhalla. Odin had a wife named Frigga. On the shoulders of Odin sat two ravens named Hugin and Munin. Odin ate no food, but instead drank a drink called mead. Another name for Odin is Wodan which is where Wednesday comes from
        Believed ravens could communicate with Odin
      - Odin and his wife had several children. One of these was Thor, the thunderer and god of war. Thursday is named after him. This son had three great treasures.
        Hmmer
        Belt of strength
        Iron gloves
      - Another son was considered to be the best of the gods. His name was Balder god of sunlight, spring, and gladness
      - Balder’s mother Figga made all the plants on earth promise not to harm Balder. But she forgot about mistletoe who was hidden in the oak leaves. When Loki discovered this. He cut a sprig of mistletoe and persuaded the blind god Hoder to throw it at Balder. When the mistletoe touched him, Balder dropped dead. Balder died from Loki’s mischief.
        Balder = best of the gods
      - Frey governed the rain and sunshine and made all things of earth to grow.
      - His sister was Freya, the goddess of love and music and flowers. Friday is named for her
      - The most courageous of the gods was Tyr. Tuesday is named for him.
      - The god of evil was Loki. he was the father of the wolf Fenrir, of the Midgard Serpent who encircled the earth, and of the goddess Hel and Death.
        Evil = “something that starts out with the goal of goodness but is twisted slightly to become evil
      - In the binding of the Fenrir Wolf, the most courageous god Tyr lost his hand
      - On another occasion Thor pretended to be a bride in order to recover his hammer
      - There is a story concerning Odin himself. It is said he left the heavens and disguised himself so he could pass as either a Wanderer or Thrall and called himself by the name of Vegtam
      - While in the land of the giants he met one named Thiazi who had a nasty reputation for taking the heads of those who could not answer his questions
      - Odin’s real purpose for this journey was to get a drink of magic mead from the well kept Mimir
      - The price he paid was that of an eye
    - How do we know about the Vikings
      - Surviving accounts of Vikings activity was almost exclusively written by churchmen. These included monastic chronicles such as the Anglo Saxon chronicle, Frankish, and Irish Annals. The chronicles reflect the fact that Vikings attacked these monasteries for their wealth and the accounts had a hostile tone to give a popular image of Viking atrocities. The Vikings were considered heathens for their invitations in monasteries and as a result were portrayed in the worst possible way.
    - The sagas
      - A norse word meaning tales. These writings provide almost all of the knowledge we have of the Vikings
      - There are about forty sagas that include descriptions of historical events in Iceland and voyages across the North Atlantic from Norway, Greenland and Vinland (newfoundland). The sagas also have records of family history such as Erik the Red who founded Greenland, and his son Leif Ericson who discovered North America
      - Archaeology is providing that a lot of these stories have a good basis of fact; in fact the Icelandic sagas were used to help find what might be the site of Vinland (grapes!)
    - What were their goals
      - Raids and loot were not the whole story of the Vikings. Land to farm was also a commodity. There were limited sources of food
      - They received influences from Europe that they saw as technologically and politically superior to their culture. Unlike many other invaders in history, the Vikings weren’t trying to spread their religion that was paganism, rather gain new resources and new connections. They wanted political and economical advantages
      - They had to find food. Live off the land, and set up shop. They drove people out and took their money and other valuables they had. Vikings targeted the church and monasteries, which were the major sources of wealth at the time.
    - Ships and navigation
      - We know what their ships looked like because many Vikings were buried with their goods that sometimes included their boats
      - Longboats - they had swift wooden long ships, equipped with sails and oars
      - Shallow draught of these ships meant they were able to reach far inland by river or stream to strike and move before local forces could assemble
      - Crews of 25 to 60 men would be common, but larger ships could carry over a hundred people
      - Sea battles were rare. They fought close to shore. Ships were roped together in lines to face and enemy fleet.
    - Battles and tactics
      - Vikings had no professional standing army and tactics and discipline seemed at little development. They didn’t fight in regular formations
      - Weapons training began at youth in hunting, sports, and raiding.
      - Chiefs were well protected by a bodyguard
      - They would either capture and kill their enemies Many captures would become slaves
      - The famous Berserker warriors fought in groups, and believed that Odin, their god of war, gave them both protection and superhuman powers so they had no need for armor. Berserker battles were intense and it’s said they bit on their shields and could ignore the pain of wounds.
      - Many experienced vikings formed a wedge of 20 to 30 men and would then charge at the enemy. They fought mainly on foot. The largest armies may have been 4,00 to 7,00 men. After war vikings would return to lives as farmers, merchants, craftsmen, or join other warbands
    - Offensive weapons
      - The main offensive weapons were the spear, sword, and battle-axe.
      - They carried weapons not just for battle but also as a symbol of their owners’ class and wealth
      - Swords were a sign of high status because they were costly to make. The blades were usually double edges and up to 90cm. Many swords were given names
    - Defensive weapons
      - There were circular shields up to one meter across that were carried. Around 1000, the kite shapes shield was introduced to the Vikings to provide more protection for the legs
      - It was essential to wear thick padding underneath to absorb the force of blows or arrow strikes. Reindeer hide was used as armor
      - They used long tunics of mail armor reaching below the waist. They were not very protective
      - Helmets were probably worn by leaders as well. Horned helmets also took great skill to produce
    - Viking and islamic conquests and the carolingian empire
      - The first viking raids were hit-and-run affairs. There was no coordination and long term plan behind them.
      - Vikings raided the British Isles and the Western portions of the Carolingian Empire in France. They conquered much of Northern England and they established a kingdom in Ireland
      - In 911 AD Charles II of France gave Normandy to the Viking leader Rollos who becomes a Christian
    - Other acquired territory
      - The vikings reached Iceland and it had become a settlement for Norwegians and Danes
      - 982 Erik the Red founded Greenland
    - …..
    - What happened to the vikings
      - Became citizens of many places in europe
      - Many had become christians back in their homelands, this lead to the downfall of the Norse religion and culture
      - Kings instituted taxes and the economy changed so that you could get along better off as a trader than a raider
      - The vikings invasion caused european kingdoms to be more centralized and focused
      - European kingdoms learned how to protect themselves and gain by trading and negotiating with the vikings instead of battling them

YOUR CART